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Lots of other Scientologist-run services and companies belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or highly regarded people. Scientology. Though it has actually attained some credibility as a faith in lots of countries, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In view it January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its image source head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and committed one of the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by a company not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one web such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or organization was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made usage of aggressive strategies in addressing those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was found at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.